AS 60146.1.2-2002 (R2013)

Table of Contents

1 -  AS 60146.1.2-2002 SEMICONDUCTOR CONVERTERS - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS AND LINE COMMUTATED CONVERTERS-APPLICATION GUIDE
4 -  PREFACE
5 -  CONTENTS
11 -  Section 1 - General
11 -  1.1 Scope
11 -  1.2 Application of semiconductor power converters
11 -  1.2.1 Conversion equipment
12 -  1.2.2 Supply source conditioning (active and reactive power)
12 -  1.3 Equipment specification data
12 -  1.3.1 Main items of the specification
12 -  1.3.2 Additional information
13 -  1.3.3 Unusual service conditions
13 -  1.4 Converter transformers and reactors
13 -  1.5 Calculation factors
13 -  1.5.1 Voltage ratios
14 -  1.5.2 Line side transformer current factor
14 -  1.5.3 Valve-side transformer current factor
14 -  1.5.4 Voltage regulation
17 -  1.5.5 Magnetic circuit
17 -  1.5.6 Power loss factor
17 -  1.6 Parallel and series connections
17 -  1.6.1 Parallel or series connection of valve devices
17 -  1.6.2 Parallel or series connection of assemblies and equipment units
18 -  1.7 Power factor
18 -  1.7.1 General
19 -  1.7.2 Symbols used in the determination of displacement factor
20 -  1.7.3 Circle diagram for the approximation of the displacement factor ...
20 -  1.7.4 Calculation of the displacement factor...
22 -  1.7.5 Conversion factor
23 -  1.8 Direct voltage regulation
23 -  1.8.1 Inherent direct voltage regulation
25 -  1.8.2 Direct voltage regulation due to a.c. system impedance
28 -  1.8.3 Information to be exchanged between supplier and purchaser about direct voltage regulation of the converter
28 -  1.9 Voltage limits for reliable commutation in inverter mode
29 -  1.10 A.C. voltage waveform
31 -  Section 2 - Definitions
31 -  2.1 Definitions related to converter faults
31 -  2.1.1 Conduction through (shoot through) (IEV 551-05-58, modified)
31 -  2.1.2 Firing failure (IEV 551-05-57, modified)
31 -  2.1.3 Breakthrough (IEV 551-05-53, modified)
31 -  2.1.4 Breakdown (IEV 551-05-59, modified)
31 -  2.1.5 False firing (IEV 551-05-56, modified)
31 -  2.1.6 Commutation failure (IEV 551-05-52, modified)
31 -  2.2 Definitions related to converter generated transients
31 -  2.2.1 D.C. side transients
31 -  2.2.2 Commutation transients on the line (repetitive transients)
33 -  Section 3 - Application information
33 -  3.1 Practical calculation of the operating parameters
33 -  3.1.1 Assumptions
33 -  3.1.2 Preliminary calculations
34 -  3.1.3 Calculation of the operating conditions
36 -  3.2 Supply system voltage change due to converter loads
36 -  3.2.1 Fundamental voltage change
37 -  3.2.2 Minimum RSC requirements for voltage change
37 -  3.2.3 Converter transformer ratio
38 -  3.2.4 Transformer rating
39 -  3.3 Compensation of converter reactive power consumption
39 -  3.3.1 Average reactive power consumption
39 -  3.3.2 Required compensation of the average reactive power
40 -  3.3.3 Voltage fluctuations with fixed reactive power compensation
40 -  3.4 Direct voltage harmonic content
41 -  3.5 Supply voltage distortion
41 -  3.5.1 Commutation notches
43 -  3.5.2 Operation of several converters on the same supply line
44 -  3.6 Quantities on the line side
44 -  3.6.1 R.M.S. value of the line current
45 -  3.6.2 Harmonics on the line side, approximate method for 6-pulse converters
46 -  3.6.3 Minimum RSC requirements for harmonic distortion
47 -  3.6.4 Calculation of the harmonic current spectrum
49 -  3.6.5 Estimated phase shift of the harmonic currents
49 -  3.6.6 Addition of harmonic currents
49 -  3.6.7 Peak and average harmonic spectrum
49 -  3.6.8 Transformer phase shift
50 -  3.6.9 Sequential gating, two 6-pulse converters
50 -  3.7 Power factor compensation and harmonic distortion
50 -  3.7.1 Resonant frequency
50 -  3.7.2 Directly connected capacitor bank
51 -  3.7.3 Estimation of the resonant frequency
52 -  3.7.4 Detuning reactor
53 -  3.7.5 Ripple control frequencies (Carrier frequencies)
53 -  3.8 Other considerations
53 -  3.8.1 Random control angle
54 -  3.8.2 Sub-harmonic instability
54 -  3.8.3 Harmonic filters
54 -  3.8.4 Approximate capacitance of cables
54 -  3.9 Calculation of d.c. short-circuit current of converters
55 -  3.10 Guide-lines for the selection of the immunity class
55 -  3.10.1 Converter immunity class
55 -  3.10.2 Selection of the immunity class
59 -  Section 4 - Test requirements
59 -  4.1 Guidance on power loss evaluation by short-circuit test
59 -  4.1.1 Single-phase connections
59 -  4.1.2 Polyphase double-way connections
59 -  4.1.3 Polyphase single-way connections
59 -  4.2 Procedure for evaluation of power losses by short-circuit method
60 -  4.3 Test methods
60 -  4.3.1 Method A1
61 -  4.3.2 Method B
61 -  4.3.3 Method C
61 -  4.3.4 Method D
63 -  4.3.5 Method E
64 -  4.3.6 Method A2
65 -  Section 5 - Performance requirements
65 -  5.1 Presentation of rated peak load current values
66 -  5.2 Definitions and letter symbols related to virtual junction temperature
66 -  5.2.1 Letter symbols
67 -  5.2.2 Thermal resistance Rth
67 -  5.2.3 Transient thermal impedance Zth
67 -  5.2.4 Virtual junction temperature...
67 -  5.3 Determination of peak load capability through calculation of the virtual junction temperature
68 -  5.3.1 Approximation of the shape of power pulses applied to the semiconductor device
69 -  5.3.2 The superposition method for calculation of temperature
69 -  5.3.3 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for continuous load
71 -  5.3.4 Calculation of the virtual junction temperature for cyclic loads
72 -  5.3.5 Calculation of virtual junction temperature for a few typical applications
72 -  5.4 Circuit operating conditions affecting the voltage applied across converter elements
74 -  Section 6 - Converter operation
74 -  6.1 Stabilization
74 -  6.2 Static properties
74 -  6.3 Dynamic properties of the control system
74 -  6.4 Mode of operation of single and double converters
74 -  6.4.1 Single converter connection
76 -  6.4.2 Double converter connections and limits for rectifier and inverter operation
77 -  6.5 Transition current
78 -  6.6 Suppression of direct current circulation in double converter connections
78 -  6.6.1 Limitation of delay angles
78 -  6.6.2 Controlled circulating current
78 -  6.6.3 Blocking of trigger pulses
79 -  6.7 Principle of operation for reversible converters for control of d.c. motors
79 -  6.7.1 Motor field reversal
79 -  6.7.2 Motor armature reversal by reversing switch
79 -  6.7.3 Double converter connection to motor armature
81 -  Section 7 - Converter faults
81 -  7.1 General
81 -  7.2 Fault finding
82 -  Annex A - Bibliography

Abstract

Gives guidance on variations to AS 60146.1.1-2002 to enable that Standard to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. This Standard has been reproduced from and is technically identical to IEC 60146-1-2:1991.

RECONFIRMATION NOTICE
Technical Committee EL-027 has reviewed the content of this publication and in
accordance with Standards Australia procedures for reconfirmation, it has been determined
that the publication is still valid and does not require change.
Certain documents referenced in the publication may have been amended since the original
date of publication. Users are advised to ensure that they are using the latest versions of
such documents as appropriate, unless advised otherwise in this Reconfirmation Notice.
Approved for reconfirmation in accordance with Standards Australia procedures for
reconfirmation on 25 September 2013.
The following are represented on Technical Committee EL-027:
Australian Communications and Media Authority
Australian Industry Group
Bureau of Steel Manufacturers of Australia
Engineers Australia
RMIT University

Scope

This report gives guidance on variations to the specifications in IEC 146-1-1 to enable the specification to be extended in a controlled form for special cases. Background information is also given on technical points which should facilitate the use of IEC 146-1-1.
This report primarily covers line commutated converters and is not in itself a specification, except as regards certain auxiliary components, in so far as existing standards may not provide the necessary data.

General Product Information

Published
Document Type	Standard
Status	Current
Publisher	Standards Australia
ProductNote	This standard has been reconfirmed in Australia in 2013 and remains current in New Zealand. Reconfirmation Notice 13-01-2014
Pages
ISBN
Committee	EL-027
Supersedes	DR 02099 CP DR 02098-02100 CP AS 1955.1-1977