AS 2316.1-2009

Artificial climbing structures and challenge courses Fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls

Standards Australia

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<toc>
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<pageno>1</pageno>
<text>AS 2316.1-2009 ARTIFICIAL CLIMBING STRUCTURES AND CHALLENGE COURSES - FIXED AND MOBILE ARTIFICIAL CLIMBING AND ABSEILING...</text>
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<pageno>4</pageno>
<text>PREFACE</text>
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<pageno>5</pageno>
<text>CONTENTS</text>
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<pageno>7</pageno>
<text>FOREWORD</text>
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<bookmark index='4'>
<pageno>9</pageno>
<text>SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL</text>
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<pageno>9</pageno>
<text>1.1 SCOPE</text>
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<pageno>9</pageno>
<text>1.2 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS</text>
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<bookmark index='7'>
<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3 DEFINITIONS</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.1 Abseiling</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.2 Acceleration</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.3 Acceleration pulse</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.4 Accelerometer</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.5 Anchor</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.6 Artificial climbing wall (ACW)</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.7 Autobelay system</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.8 Belay system</text>
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<pageno>11</pageno>
<text>1.3.9 Bouldering</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.10 Climbing route</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.11 Competent person</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.12 Descender device</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.13 Design load</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.14 Fall height</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.15 Fall zone</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.16 Free space</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.17 g</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.18 gmax</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.19 Ground anchor</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.20 Head injury criteria (HIC)</text>
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<pageno>12</pageno>
<text>1.3.21 Impact attenuation system</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.22 Impact height</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.23 Impact measurement</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.24 Impact attenuation test</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.25 Impact attenuation test position</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.26 Lead anchor</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.27 Minimum breaking load</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.28 Mobile artificial climbing wall</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.29 Multiple ground anchor system</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.30 Multiple top-rope anchor system</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.31 Nominal load</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.32 Out of service</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.33 Proof test load</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.34 Shall</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.35 Should</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.36 Span</text>
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<pageno>13</pageno>
<text>1.3.37 Spotter</text>
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<pageno>14</pageno>
<text>1.3.38 Stability design loads</text>
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<pageno>14</pageno>
<text>1.3.39 Stance anchor</text>
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<pageno>14</pageno>
<text>1.3.40 Top-rope anchor system</text>
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<pageno>14</pageno>
<text>1.3.41 Transducer</text>
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<pageno>14</pageno>
<text>1.3.42 Tri-axial accelerometer</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>SECTION 2 DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION AND EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.1 DESIGN</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.1.1 Structural requirements</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.1.2 Access ways and platforms</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.1.3 Hydraulic, pneumatic and propelling equipment</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.1.4 Combustibility of materials</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.1.5 Lightning protection</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.2 VERIFICATION OF THE STRENGTH AND STABILITY OF AN ACW</text>
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<pageno>15</pageno>
<text>2.2.1 General</text>
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<pageno>16</pageno>
<text>2.2.2 Verification of strength</text>
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<pageno>17</pageno>
<text>2.2.3 Verification for stability</text>
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<pageno>18</pageno>
<text>2.3 IMPACT STRENGTH OF THE ACW SURFACE</text>
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<pageno>18</pageno>
<text>2.4 BELAY SYSTEMS</text>
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<pageno>18</pageno>
<text>2.4.1 General</text>
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<pageno>18</pageno>
<text>2.4.2 Types of belay systems</text>
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<pageno>23</pageno>
<text>2.4.3 Anchors</text>
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<pageno>23</pageno>
<text>2.4.4 Ground anchors</text>
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<pageno>23</pageno>
<text>2.4.5 Lead anchors</text>
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<pageno>24</pageno>
<text>2.4.6 Top-rope anchor system</text>
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<pageno>24</pageno>
<text>2.4.7 Marking</text>
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<bookmark index='70'>
<pageno>25</pageno>
<text>2.5 GEOMETRICAL REQUIREMENTS FOR EQUIPMENT-MINIMUM CURVE RADIUS</text>
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<pageno>25</pageno>
<text>2.6 ASSEMBLY AND INSTALLATION</text>
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<pageno>27</pageno>
<text>2.7 PROOF TESTING</text>
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<pageno>27</pageno>
<text>2.7.1 Fixed ACW</text>
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<pageno>27</pageno>
<text>2.7.2 Mobile and temporary ACW</text>
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<pageno>27</pageno>
<text>2.7.3 Subsequent inspection, maintenance and testing</text>
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<pageno>27</pageno>
<text>2.8 SURFACE FINISHES AND ENTRAPMENT HAZARDS</text>
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<pageno>28</pageno>
<text>2.9 FLOOR OR GROUND SURFACING AND IMPACT ATTENUATION</text>
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<pageno>28</pageno>
<text>2.9.1 General requirements</text>
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<pageno>28</pageno>
<text>2.9.2 Specific requirements for impact attenuation</text>
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<bookmark index='80'>
<pageno>29</pageno>
<text>2.9.3 Impact attenuation testing requirements</text>
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<pageno>29</pageno>
<text>2.10 FALL ZONES</text>
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<pageno>29</pageno>
<text>2.10.1 General</text>
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<pageno>29</pageno>
<text>2.10.2 Fall zone dimensions</text>
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<pageno>30</pageno>
<text>2.11 DOCUMENTATION</text>
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<pageno>30</pageno>
<text>2.12 INSTRUCTION MANUAL</text>
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<pageno>31</pageno>
<text>2.13 COMMISSIONING INSPECTION</text>
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<pageno>31</pageno>
<text>2.14 EQUIPMENT</text>
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<pageno>31</pageno>
<text>2.14.1 General</text>
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<pageno>31</pageno>
<text>2.14.2 Identification</text>
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<pageno>32</pageno>
<text>2.14.3 Ropes</text>
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<pageno>32</pageno>
<text>2.14.4 Harnesses</text>
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<pageno>32</pageno>
<text>2.14.5 Karabiners and connectors</text>
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<pageno>33</pageno>
<text>2.14.6 Belay systems</text>
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<pageno>33</pageno>
<text>2.14.7 Descender devices</text>
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<pageno>33</pageno>
<text>2.14.8 Pulleys</text>
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<pageno>34</pageno>
<text>2.14.9 Helmets</text>
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<pageno>34</pageno>
<text>2.14.10 Access ladders</text>
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<pageno>34</pageno>
<text>2.14.11 Climbing holds</text>
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<pageno>34</pageno>
<text>2.14.12 Equipment belonging to participants</text>
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<pageno>35</pageno>
<text>SECTION 3 IN-SERVICE INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE</text>
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<pageno>35</pageno>
<text>3.1 TESTING AND INSPECTION</text>
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<pageno>35</pageno>
<text>3.1.1 General</text>
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<bookmark index='103'>
<pageno>37</pageno>
<text>3.1.2 Anchorages-Proof testing</text>
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<bookmark index='104'>
<pageno>37</pageno>
<text>3.2 MAINTENANCE, REPAIR, REPLACEMENT AND ALTERATION</text>
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<bookmark index='105'>
<pageno>37</pageno>
<text>3.3 INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE RECORDS</text>
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<bookmark index='106'>
<pageno>38</pageno>
<text>3.4 RETIREMENT OF EQUIPMENT FROM SERVICE</text>
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<bookmark index='107'>
<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>SECTION 4 MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES</text>
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<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.1 GENERAL</text>
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<bookmark index='109'>
<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.2 SUPERVISION</text>
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<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.3 COMPETENCIES</text>
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<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.4 RULES</text>
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<bookmark index='112'>
<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.5 INDUCTION</text>
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<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.6 SPECTATORS</text>
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<bookmark index='114'>
<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.7 WORKING AT HEIGHT</text>
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<pageno>39</pageno>
<text>4.8 FIRST AID</text>
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<pageno>40</pageno>
<text>4.9 EMERGENCY</text>
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<pageno>41</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX A - LOAD TESTING OF ANCHOR COMPONENTS AND ACW WHERE VERIFICATION BY CALCULATION IS NOT AVAILABLE</text>
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<pageno>41</pageno>
<text>A1 GENERAL</text>
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<pageno>41</pageno>
<text>A2 TEST SAMPLES</text>
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<bookmark index='120'>
<pageno>41</pageno>
<text>A3 PROCEDURE</text>
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<pageno>41</pageno>
<text>A4 TEST RESULTS</text>
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<bookmark index='122'>
<pageno>42</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX B - PROOF TESTING</text>
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<pageno>42</pageno>
<text>B1 PROCEDURE FOR ALL PROOF TESTING</text>
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<pageno>42</pageno>
<text>B2 TEST OF ANCHORS</text>
<bookmark index='125'>
<pageno>42</pageno>
<text>B2.1 Force application</text>
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<bookmark index='126'>
<pageno>42</pageno>
<text>B2.2 Components to be tested</text>
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<bookmark index='127'>
<pageno>42</pageno>
<text>B2.3 Multiple floor and top-rope anchors</text>
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<bookmark index='128'>
<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B2.4 Test report</text>
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<bookmark index='129'>
<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B3 TEST OF SURFACE INTEGRITY</text>
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<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B3.1 Force application</text>
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<bookmark index='131'>
<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B3.2 Components to be tested</text>
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<bookmark index='132'>
<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B3.3 Test report</text>
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<bookmark index='133'>
<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B4 TEST OF HOLD INSERT RESISTANCE</text>
<bookmark index='134'>
<pageno>43</pageno>
<text>B4.1 Force application</text>
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<bookmark index='135'>
<pageno>44</pageno>
<text>B4.2 Components to be tested</text>
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<bookmark index='136'>
<pageno>44</pageno>
<text>B4.3 Test report</text>
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<bookmark index='137'>
<pageno>47</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX C - BEAUFORT SCALE</text>
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<bookmark index='138'>
<pageno>48</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX D - STABILITY DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF AN ACW</text>
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<pageno>48</pageno>
<text>D1 GENERAL PRINCIPLE</text>
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<bookmark index='140'>
<pageno>48</pageno>
<text>D2 FOR AN ACW</text>
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<bookmark index='141'>
<pageno>48</pageno>
<text>D3 FOR A BOULDERING WALL</text>
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<bookmark index='142'>
<pageno>49</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX E - METHOD FOR STABILITY ASSESSMENT AND WORKED EXAMPLES</text>
<bookmark index='143'>
<pageno>49</pageno>
<text>E1 SCOPE</text>
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<pageno>49</pageno>
<text>E2 EQUATIONS RELATING TO COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS FOR ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES</text>
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<bookmark index='145'>
<pageno>49</pageno>
<text>E3 EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR AN INTERNAL CLIMBING WALL</text>
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<bookmark index='146'>
<pageno>50</pageno>
<text>E4 EXAMPLE CALCULATION FOR AN OUTDOOR CLIMBING WALL</text>
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<bookmark index='147'>
<pageno>51</pageno>
<text>E5 EXAMPLE USING TYPICAL CLIMBING WALL PARAMETERS</text>
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<bookmark index='148'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX F - IMPACT STRENGTH OF THE CLIMBING SURFACE</text>
<bookmark index='149'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F1 GENERAL</text>
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<bookmark index='150'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F2 IMPACT STRENGTH TEST</text>
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<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F2.1 Basis for test</text>
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<bookmark index='152'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F2.2 Test apparatus</text>
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<bookmark index='153'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F2.3 Sampling</text>
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<bookmark index='154'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F2.4 Procedure</text>
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<bookmark index='155'>
<pageno>53</pageno>
<text>F2.5 Test results</text>
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<bookmark index='156'>
<pageno>56</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX G - DETERMINATION OF HIC AND gmax VALUES</text>
<bookmark index='157'>
<pageno>56</pageno>
<text>G1 SCOPE</text>
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<bookmark index='158'>
<pageno>56</pageno>
<text>G2 PRINCIPLE</text>
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<bookmark index='159'>
<pageno>56</pageno>
<text>G3 APPARATUS</text>
<bookmark index='160'>
<pageno>56</pageno>
<text>G3.1 Fall test headform</text>
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<bookmark index='161'>
<pageno>56</pageno>
<text>G3.2 Accelerometer</text>
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<bookmark index='162'>
<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G3.3 Impact measurement equipment</text>
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<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G4 TEST CONDITIONS</text>
<bookmark index='164'>
<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G4.1 On-site testing</text>
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<bookmark index='165'>
<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G4.2 Sample testing</text>
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<bookmark index='166'>
<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G5 TEST PROCEDURE</text>
<bookmark index='167'>
<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G5.1 Selecting the test position</text>
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<bookmark index='168'>
<pageno>57</pageno>
<text>G5.2 Specific test procedures</text>
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<bookmark index='169'>
<pageno>58</pageno>
<text>G6 CALCULATION OF RESULTS</text>
<bookmark index='170'>
<pageno>58</pageno>
<text>G6.1 HIC</text>
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<bookmark index='171'>
<pageno>58</pageno>
<text>G6.2 Impact profiles</text>
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<bookmark index='172'>
<pageno>58</pageno>
<text>G7 TEST REPORT</text>
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<pageno>60</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX H - CLIMBING HOLD TESTING</text>
<bookmark index='174'>
<pageno>60</pageno>
<text>H1 SCOPE</text>
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<bookmark index='175'>
<pageno>60</pageno>
<text>H2 SAMPLE PREPARATION</text>
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<bookmark index='176'>
<pageno>60</pageno>
<text>H3 STRENGTH</text>
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<bookmark index='177'>
<pageno>60</pageno>
<text>H4 RESISTANCE TO ROTATION</text>
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<bookmark index='178'>
<pageno>60</pageno>
<text>H5 RESISTANCE TO BREAKAGE IN USE</text>
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<bookmark index='179'>
<pageno>61</pageno>
<text>H6 TEST REPORT</text>
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<pageno>62</pageno>
<text>APPENDIX I - SUSPENSION TRAUMA</text>
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Abstract

Specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, construction, operation, maintenance and testing of fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls and associated components. Includes fixed, indoor, outdoor, permanent, temporary and mobile structures (including inflatable structures) and facilities used for climbing, abseiling and bouldering.

Scope

This Standard specifies the minimum requirements for the design, construction, operation, competencies for support personnel, supervision levels, maintenance and testing of fixed and mobile artificial climbing and abseiling walls (ACW) and associated components. It includes fixed, indoor, outdoor, permanent, temporary and mobile structures (including inflatable climbing structures) and facilities used for climbing, abseiling and bouldering.
This Standard is not applicable to playground equipment (see AS 4685) or structures associated with bungy jumping activities (see AS/NZS 5848), or theatrical and stunt work.